Abbreviations BBB: Blood-brain barrier CGRP: Calcitonin gene-related peptide CM: Chronic migraine CNS: Central nervous system CSD: Cortical spreading depression DMEM: Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium FBS: Foetal bovine serum GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1 IS: Inflammatory soup LPS: Lipopolysaccharide NTG: Nitroglycerin PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PKA: Protein kinase A PMSF: Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride RT: Room temperature TNC: Trigeminal nucleus caudalis References May A, Schulte LH (2016) Chronic migraine: risk factors, mechanisms and treatment
By combining distinct peptide mechanisms, researchers can examine how coordinated modulation of pathways such as nitric oxide signaling , cytokine expression , extracellular matrix remodeling , and stem/progenitor cellassociated responses impacts measurable endpoints including healing kinetics , scar architecture , and functional outcomes in tissue physiology
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